Publications

Proceedings pro039 : 6th International RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes (BEFIB'2004)


Title: 6th International RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes (BEFIB'2004)
Edited by M. di Prisco, R. Felicetti and G.A. Plizzari
ISBN: 2-912143-51-9
e-ISBN: 2912143748
Pages: 1544
Publication date: 2004

Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is a composite material with a cementitious matrix and a discontinuous reinforcement (the fibre) that is made of metal, glass, or other synthetic or natural materials. While ongoing research is yielding better knowledge on the properties of these composites, new applications are being developed: pre-cast tunnel segments, foundations, piles, prefabricated structures, building components, beam-column nodes, structural repairs, etc.

The sixth RILEM Symposium on FRC (BEFIB 2004) follows the first four Symposia held in the UK and the fifth one held in France. It aims to establish the boundary of current knowledge on FRC, and compare the status of design procedures and codes in different countries.

The Symposium also offers an opportunity to gather researchers, academics, designers, professional engineers, heads of construction companies and concrete manufacturing companies, architects and project supervisors in order to answer the ongoing question: “What scientific, technical and technological knowledge, for what industrial objectives?”

Contributions concern the following broad areas:

* mechanical, physic-chemical properties
* mix design and placement
* durability and extreme environment conditions
* modelling and design methods
* structural and industrial applications
* special loading
* special concrete


Contents


Preface
Pages: XVII - XVIII

Volume 1 - Invited Lectures


1. Fiber-reinforced cement-based composites: a forty year odyssey
Author(s): S.P. Shah, K.G. Kuder, B. Mu
Pages: 3 - 30

2. Impact and blast protection with fiber reinforced concrete
Author(s): N. Banthia, V. Bindiganavile, S. Mindess
Pages: 31 - 44

3. Numerical modeling of fiber reinforced cement composites: linking material scales
Author(s): J.E. Bolander
Pages: 45 - 60

4. Uniaxial tensile test on a new cement composite having a hardening behaviour
Author(s): C. Boulay, P. Rossi, J.-L. Tailhan
Pages: 61 - 68

5. Experimental testing of innovative bridge decks with reduced reinforcement and strain-hardening fiber reinforced cementitious composites
Author(s): K. Chandrangsu, A.E. Naaman
Pages: 69 - 80

6. Precast SFRC elements: from material properties to structural applications
Author(s): M. di Prisco, G.A. Plizzari
Pages: 81 - 100

7. Comparison between the round plate test and the Rilem 3-point bending test
Author(s): D. Dupont, L. Vandewalle
Pages: 101 - 110

8. SFRC - shear load bearing capacity and tunnel linings
Author(s): H. Falkner, V. Henke
Pages: 111 - 124

9. Overview of recent advancements in FRC knowledge and applications, with specific reference to high temperature
Author(s): P.G. Gambarova
Pages: 125 - 140

10. Steel fiber reinforced concrete for the Barcelona metro line 9 tunnel lining
Author(s): R. Gettu, B. Barragán, T. García, C. Fernández, R. Oliver
Pages: 141 - 156

11. Static and fatigue tests on SFRC arch ribs
Author(s): M.K. Lee, B.I.G. Barr, C. Penny, P. Browne
Pages: 157 - 170

12. Elevating FRC material ductility to infrastructure durability
Author(s): V.C. Li, H. Stang
Pages: 171 - 186

13. Prestressed concrete plates with high strength fabric
Author(s): H.W. Reinhardt, M. Krueger
Pages: 187 - 196

14. Classification of fibre reinforced cementitious materials for structural applications
Author(s): H. Stang, V.C. Li
Pages: 197 - 218

15. Cementitious composites with high tensile strength and ductility through hybrid fibres
Author(s): J.G.M. van Mier
Pages: 219 - 236

Session 1 - Chemical and physical properties


16. Effect of chemical-physical interaction between galvanized steel fibres and concrete
Author(s): T. Bellezze, R. Fratesi, C. Failla
Pages: 239 - 248

17. A microwave probe for the non-destructive determination of the steel fiber content in concrete slabs
Author(s): A. Franchois, L. Taerwe, S. Van Damme
Pages: 249 - 256

18. Abrasion resistance of high strength fibre-reinforced concrete
Author(s): E. Horszczaruk
Pages: 257 - 266

19. A new approach for determining geometrical properties of glass fibre reinforcement in GRC composites
Author(s): F. Jesse, M. Curbach
Pages: 267 - 278

20. Experimental study of the properties of flowable fiber reinforced concretes
Author(s): F. Pasini, T. Garcia, R. Gettu, L. Agulló
Pages: 279 - 288

21. Fresh cement based composite material rheological behaviour
Author(s): N. Roussel, Z. Toutou, R. Le Roy
Pages: 289 - 298

22. Rheological properties and fracture processes of HFC
Author(s): P. Stähli, J.G.M. van Mier
Pages: 299 - 308

23. The rheological properties of fresh polypropylene fibre reinforced mortar and concrete
Author(s): J. Szwabowski, T. Ponikiewski
Pages: 309 - 318

Session 2 - Mechanical Properties


24. Bond behaviour of conventional reinforcement in fibre reinforced concrete
Author(s): J. Cairns, G.A. Plizzari
Pages: 321 - 330

25. Characterization of fiber-reinforced cement composites by their tensile stress-strain behavior and quantification of crack formation
Author(s): G. Fischer
Pages: 331 - 338

26. Non metallic (MCP) fiber reinforced concrete: mechanical characterization and slabs on grade design aspects
Author(s): F. Focacci, G. Mantegazza
Pages: 339 - 348

27. Bond of reinforcement in fibre reinforced concrete
Author(s): K. Holschemacher, D. Weiße
Pages: 349 - 358

28. Fracture energy determination of SFRC from notched beam tests
Author(s): M.T. Kazemi, M. Naraghi, F.V. Shahvari
Pages: 359 - 368

29. Experimental investigation of the biaxial properties of high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete
Author(s): B. Kölle, D.V. Phillips, B. Zhang, P. Bhatt, C.P. Pearce
Pages: 369 - 378

30. Wedge splitting test - A test to determine fracture properties of FRC
Author(s): I. Löfgren, H. Stang, J. Forbes Olesen
Pages: 379 - 388

31. Evaluation of steel fibers for applications in structural concrete
Author(s): A.E. Naaman
Pages: 389 - 400

32. Nanoindentation based assessment of micro-mechanical properties of fiber reinforced cementitious composite
Author(s): J. Nemecek, P. Kabele, Z. Bittnar
Pages: 401 - 410

33. Toughness characteristics of palm fibre concrete
Author(s): H.A. Razak, T. Ferdiansyah
Pages: 411 - 420

34. Compressive behaviour of high performance concrete at dynamic strain-rates
Author(s): G. Solomos, M. Berra
Pages: 421 - 430

35. Early age bond strength development of fibers in FRC composites
Author(s): T. Wongtanakitcharoen, A.E. Naaman
Pages: 431 - 442

36. Determination of fiber contribution in composites employing tension softening properties
Author(s): K. Yamada, S. Ishiyama
Pages: 443 - 452

Session 3 - Mix design and placement


37. Development and application of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete
Author(s): B. Barragán, R. Zerbino, R. Gettu, M. Soriano, C. de la Cruz, G. Giacio, M. Bravo
Pages: 455 - 464

38. The investigation on the workability and flexural toughness of fibre cocktail reinforced self-compacting high performance concrete
Author(s): Y. Ding, D. Thomaseth, C. Niederegger, A. Thomas, W. Lukas
Pages: 465 - 475

39. Lightweight cement boards in exterior wall construction and finish systems
Author(s): A. Dubey, J. Reicherts
Pages: 477 - 492

40. Connecting fibre distribution, workability and mechanical properties of SFRC: an industrial application to precast elements
Author(s): L. Ferrara, A. Meda, T. Lamperti, F. Pasini
Pages: 493 - 504

41. Optimizing mix composition for steel fibre reinforced concrete with ultra high flexural strength
Author(s): E.P. Kearsley, H.F. Mostert
Pages: 505 - 514

42. Multi-mechanism design concept for developing highly ductile cementitious composites
Author(s): H. Mihashi, J.P. de B. Leite, A. Kawamata
Pages: 515 - 524

43. Self compactibility of hybrid fiber concrete containing PVA fibers
Author(s): S. Nakamura, J.G.M. van Mier, Y. Masuda
Pages: 525 - 535

44. Homogeneity of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)
Author(s): J. Vodicka, D. Spura, J. Kratky
Pages: 537 - 544

45. Fibre reinforced shotcrete for long tunnel projects in Switzerland
Author(s): V. Wetzig, R. Weiss
Pages: 545 - 552

Session 4 - Durability and externe environment conditions


46. Some durability aspects of fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete
Author(s): V. Corinaldesi, G. Moriconi
Pages: 555 - 564

47. Durability of steel fibre-reinforced concrete precast elements: experiments and proposal of design recommendations
Author(s): L. Ferrara, R. Fratesi, S. Signorini, F. Sonzogni
Pages: 565 - 574

48. The impact of the addition of polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of high performance concretes exposed to high temperatures
Author(s): I. Hager, P. Pimienta
Pages: 575 - 582

49. Durability of glass fibres
Author(s): K. Kopecskó
Pages: 583 - 592

50. Aspects of durability of fiber reinforced concrete: workability and stress-corrosion
Author(s): G. Mantegazza, A. Gatti
Pages: 593 - 602

51. Effects of curing procedure on freeze-thaw durability of ultra-high performance concrete
Author(s): J. Tanesi, B. Graybeal, M. Simon
Pages: 603 - 613

52. Prediction of lifetime of alkali-resistant glass fibres in cementitious concretes
Author(s): H. Schorn, M. Schiekel
Pages: 615 - 624

53. Durability aspects of steel fibre reinforced concrete
Author(s): T. Teruzzi, E. Cadoni, G. Frigeri, S. Cangiano, G.A. Plizzari
Pages: 625 - 634

54. Cementitious materials with hybrid fibers exposed to high temperatures
Author(s): L. Biolzi, G.L. Guerrini, L. Bertolini
Pages: 635 - 646

55. On the bending behaviour of SFRC exposed to high temperature
Author(s): M. Colombo, R. Felicetti, M. Manzoni, E. Bergamini
Pages: 647 - 658

56. Micro analytical investigations on the effect of polypropylene fibres in fire exposed high-performance concrete (HPC)
Author(s): F. Dehn, K. Wille
Pages: 659 - 668

57. Fire resistance of hybrid fiber reinforced high strength concrete
Author(s): T. Horiguchi, T. Sugawara, N. Saeki
Pages: 669 - 678

58. Experimental studies on structural performance of SFRCS
Author(s): K. Kosa, M. Ito, K. Mizuno
Pages: 679 - 688

59. Thermomechanical behaviour of a fibre-reinforced refractory concrete: tests and FE analysis
Author(s): F. Nazaret, T. Cutard, G. Bernhart
Pages: 689 - 698

60. Spalling and stress-strain behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced HPC after exposure to high temperatures
Author(s): R.V. Velasco, R.D. Toledo Filho, E.M.R. Fairbairn, P.R.L. Lima, R. Neumann
Pages: 699 - 708

Session 5 - Modelling


61. Material nonlinear analysis of steel fibre reinforced concrete beams failing in shear
Author(s): J. Barros, R. Gettu, B. Barragán
Pages: 711 - 720

62. Fracture in SFRC slabs on grade
Author(s): B. Belletti, R. Cerioni, G.A. Plizzari
Pages: 721 - 730

63. Testing and modelling of mortar early-age behaviour for durability prediction
Author(s): A.S. Bretelle, P. Ienny, A. Messan, D. Nectoux
Pages: 731 - 742

64. A model for static and fatigue behaviour of fibre-reinforced composites
Author(s): R. Brighenti
Pages: 743 - 753

Volume 2 - Session 5 - Modelling (continued)


65. A fracture mechanics model for the analysis of reinforced FRC beams
Author(s): A. Carpinteri, G. Ferro, G. Ventura
Pages: 757 - 766

66. The bridged crack model for the analysis of FRC elements under repeated bending loading
Author(s): A. Carpinteri, S. Puzzi
Pages: 767 - 776

67. Mathematical modelling of the wire - reinforced concrete mix
Author(s): J. Cigánek, B. Miculka
Pages: 777 - 786

68. Numerical modelling of full scale prestressed fiber-reinforced concrete thin webbed open section roof elements
Author(s): L. Cominoli, F. Minelli, P. Riva
Pages: 787 - 798

69. Mesolevel models for simulation of fracture behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete
Author(s): J.P. de B. Leite, V. Slowik, H. Mihashi
Pages: 799 - 808

70. Inverse analysis of notched-beam test data for obtaining tensile stress-crack opening relation of fiber reinforced concrete
Author(s): J.L.A. de Oliveira e Sousa, R. Gettu
Pages: 809 - 818

71. A nonlocal microplane model for fiber reinforced concrete
Author(s): G. Di Luzio, L. Cedolin
Pages: 819 - 826

72. On the identification of SFRC constitutive law in uniaxial tension
Author(s): M. di Prisco, L. Ferrara, M. Colombo, M. Mauri
Pages: 827 - 836

73. Modelling non-linear behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete
Author(s): W.A. Elsaigh, J.M. Robberts, E.P. Kearsley
Pages: 837 - 846

74. Tension stiffening range in FRC elements
Author(s): A. Fantilli, P. Vallini
Pages: 847 - 856

75. Material model of FRC - inverse analysis
Author(s): A. Kohoutkova, V. Kristek, I. Broukalova
Pages: 857 - 864

76. A new concept in damage plasticity coupling, application to fiber reinforced concrete
Author(s): C. La Borderie, M. Matallah
Pages: 865 - 874

77. Tensile-fracture of fibre-reinforced concrete: variable engagement model
Author(s): J.Y.L. Voo, S.J. Foster
Pages: 875 - 884

78. Compression field modelling of fibre reinforced concrete: preliminary numerical study
Author(s): F. Minelli, F.J. Vecchio
Pages: 885 - 894

79. Model for calculation of creep and shrinkage of fiber reinforced concrete
Author(s): D. Spura, J. Vodicka, J. Kratky
Pages: 895 - 902

80. Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) in plain and fiber concrete
Author(s): P. Stroeven, H. Chen, J. Hu, J. Zheng
Pages: 903 - 912

81. Inverse numerical approach to determine the uniaxial tensile behaviour of a stress hardening cement composite from its bending behaviour
Author(s): J.-L. Tailhan, P. Rossi, E. Parant
Pages: 913 - 922

Session 6 - Design methods


82. Shear behaviour of prestressed beams reinforced with steel fibres
Author(s): B. Belletti, P. Bernardi, A. Meda
Pages: 925 - 934

83. Influence of concrete cover on the compressive strength of fiber reinforced concrete columns
Author(s): G. Campione, N. Scibilia, G. Zingone
Pages: 935 - 944

84. An innovative approach to the design of pile supported SFRC slabs
Author(s): J. Hedebratt, J. Silfwerbrand
Pages: 945 - 954

85. The effect of fibres on the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams
Author(s): E.P. Kearsley, H.F. Mostert
Pages: 955 - 964

86. Bending design of arbitrarily shaped steel fibre reinforced concrete sections using optimisation methods
Author(s): P. Mark, M. Strack
Pages: 965 - 974

87. Design of steel fibre reinforced concrete slabs on grade for restrained loading
Author(s): J. Silfwerbrand
Pages: 975 - 984

88. Evaluation of improvement in the bearing capacity of fibre reinforced shotcrete tunnel lining
Author(s): J. Šušteršic, V. Jovicic, A. Zajc, R. Ercegovic
Pages: 985 - 994

89. Influence of FRC mix proportion with low content of short fibres on the crack opening resistance
Author(s): J. Šušteršic, A. Zajc, I. Leskovar, V. Dobnikar
Pages: 995 - 1001

Session 7 - Structural and industrial applications


90. Effect of steel fibres on the cracking behaviour of RC members
Author(s): G.L. Balázs, I. Kovács
Pages: 1007 - 1016

91. Expansion anchors in high performance fiber reinforced concrete
Author(s): S. Cattaneo, G. Rosati
Pages: 1017 - 1026

92. The effect of steel fibres on the rotation capacity of post-tensioned high strength concrete beams
Author(s): P. De Pauw, L. Taerwe
Pages: 1027 - 1034

93. Behaviour of R.C. beams reinforced with FRC material: analytical - experimental evaluation
Author(s): A. Grimaldi, R.S. Olivito, Z. Rinaldi
Pages: 1035 - 1044

94. Post-cracking modelling of concrete beams reinforced with synthetic fibers
Author(s): B.H. Oh, J.C. Kim, Y.C. Choi, D.G. Park
Pages: 1045 - 1052

95. Effect of short metallic fibers in mixed reinforced HRFRC beams : an experimental study
Author(s): A. Si-Larbi, E. Ferrier, P. Hamelin
Pages: 1053 - 1062

96. Flexural capacity of synthetic fiber reinforced concrete slabs on ground based on beam toughness results
Author(s): S. Altoubat, J.R. Roesler, K.-A. Rieder
Pages: 1063 - 1072

97. Structural application of steel fibre as only reinforcing in free suspended elevated slabs: conditions - design - examples
Author(s): X. Destrée
Pages: 1073 - 1082

98. Experimental investigation on slabs on grade: steel fibers vs. conventional reinforcement
Author(s): L. Sorelli, A. Meda, G.A. Plizzari, B Rossi
Pages: 1083 - 1092

99. Behavior of steel fibrous cement based composites in the anchorage zones of prestressed bridges
Author(s): L. Ay
Pages: 1093 - 1102

100. Use of steel fibres to enhance bond and development of reinforcing bars in high-strength reinforced concrete beams
Author(s): P. Bischoff, F. Berube, G. Lawrence
Pages: 1103 - 1112

101. Strength and ductility of fiber reinforced concrete corbels subjected to vertical loads
Author(s): G. Campione, L. La Mendola, M. Papia
Pages: 1113 - 1122

102. Filament winding of glassfibre reinforced cement utility poles and other products
Author(s): G.T. Gilbert, J.R. Mott
Pages: 1123 - 1132

103. Experimental study on SFRC precast panels
Author(s): L. Cominoli, C. Failla, M. Manzoni, G.A. Plizzari, P. Riva
Pages: 1133 - 1142

104. Construction of JCHYPAR, a steel fiber reinforced concrete thin shell structure
Author(s): A. Domingo, C. Lázaro, P. Serna
Pages: 1143 - 1152

105. Application of SFRC to precast buildings
Author(s): P. Magnetti, C. Failla, F. Pasini
Pages: 1153 - 1162

106. HPFRCC device for structural control of RC buildings with soft story
Author(s): H. Fukuyama, K. Iwabuchi, H. Suwada
Pages: 1163 - 1172

107. Design of continuous SFRC bridge decks for service ability criteria
Author(s): K. Moffatt, B. Massicotte
Pages: 1173 - 1182

108. Construction of an ultra-high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete thin-shell structure over the Millau viaduct toll gates
Author(s): T. Thibaux, Z. Hajar, A. Simon, S. Chanut
Pages: 1183 - 1192

Session 8 - Special loadings


109. On fatigue of plain and fibre-reinforced concrete ground slabs
Author(s): M. di Prisco, R. Felicetti
Pages: 1195 - 1206

110. Effect of fiber reinforcement on the response of R/C columns under static and seismic loading
Author(s): M.H. Harajli
Pages: 1207 - 1216

111. High strength fibre reinforced concrete (HSFRC) under high dynamic impact loading
Author(s): A. Kustermann, M. Keuser
Pages: 1217 - 1226

112. Structural capacity of reinforced PVA-ECC dampers
Author(s): S. Nagai, T. Kaneko, T. Kanda, M. Maruta
Pages: 1227 - 1236

113. Fiber reinforced cement composites for seismic resistant elements with shear-dominated behavior
Author(s): G. Parra-Montesinos, B. Afsin Canbolat, K. K.Y. Kim
Pages: 1237 - 1246

114. Seismic retrofitting of rectangular bridge piers with FRC jackets
Author(s): D. Vachon, B. Massicotte
Pages: 1247 - 1256

115. Performance of plain and fiber reinforced concrete panels subjected to low velocity impact loading
Author(s): H. Xu, S. Mindess, I.J. Duca
Pages: 1257 - 1268

Session 9 - Special FRC


116. Internal heterogeneity in a reactive powder concrete
Author(s): O. Bayard, O. Ple, G. Bernier
Pages: 1271 - 1280

117. Ductal®: ultra high-performance concrete technology with ductility
Author(s): M. Behloul, A. Durukal, J.-F. Batoz, G. Chanvillard
Pages: 1281 - 1290

118. First studies on a lightweight aggregate self compacting fibre reinforced concrete for structural applications
Author(s): M. Borsa, M. Molfetta, G.L. Guerrini, S. Lagomarsino, S. Podestà
Pages: 1291 - 1300

119. Extrusion of engineered cement-based composite material
Author(s): D. de Koker, GPAG van Zijl
Pages: 1301 - 1310

120. Hybrid fibre reinforcement of ordinary or self-compacting concrete
Author(s): J.-L. Granju, V. Sabathier, M. Alcantara, G. Pons, M. Mouret
Pages: 1311 - 1320

121. Fibre reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete
Author(s): G. König, K. Holschemacher, D. Weiße, H. Schneider
Pages: 1321 - 1330

122. Valorization of date palm fibres in reinforcement of concrete in hot dry climate
Author(s): A. Kriker, G. Debicki, A. Bali, M.M. Khenfer, M. Chabannet
Pages: 1331 - 1340

123. Tensile response of hybrid-fibre concrete
Author(s): I. Markovic, J.C. Walraven, J.G.M. van Mier
Pages: 1341 - 1352

124. Fatigue behavior of new ultra-high performance cement composite
Author(s): E. Parant, P. Rossi, C. Boulay
Pages: 1353 - 1360

125. Concrete reinforced with polyethylene terephthalate fibers
Author(s): F. Pelisser, P.J.P. Gleize, D.A. Silva, H.R. Roman
Pages: 1361 - 1370

126. Post-cracking behaviour of selfcompacting steel fibre reinforced concrete
Author(s): E.N.B. Pereira, J.A.O. Barros, a;f; Ribeiro, A. Camões
Pages: 1371 - 1380

127. Effects of hybrid fibres on the properties of fiber-reinforced concrete
Author(s): M. Skazlic, D. Bjegovic
Pages: 1381 - 1390

128. Tailoring ECC for commercial application
Author(s): G. Song, GPAG van Zijl
Pages: 1391 - 1400

129. Ultra high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites using hybridization of twisted steel and micro fibers
Author(s): C. Sujivorakul, A.E. Naaman
Pages: 1401 - 1410

130. Study of the mechanical behaviour of ECO-RPC under static and dynamic loads
Author(s): W. Sun, J. Lai, C. Jia
Pages: 1411 - 1420

131. Slurry infiltrated shredded fibre reinforced concrete (SIScon) for precast applications
Author(s): H. Tlemat, K. Pilakoutas, K. Neocleous
Pages: 1421 - 1430

132. Properties of glass concrete containing recycled carpet fibers
Author(s): G. Vilkner, C. Meyer, S. Shimanovich
Pages: 1431 - 1440

Session 10 - Textile mesh fabrics


133. Tailoring of AR-glass filament / cement based matrix bond - Analytical and experimental techniques
Author(s): B. Banholzer, W. Brameshuber
Pages: 1443 - 1452

134. A smeared bond-slip relation for multi-filament yarns embedded in fine concrete
Author(s): J. Hegger, O. Bruckermann, R. Chudoba
Pages: 1453 - 1462

135. Textile reinforced concrete under biaxial loading
Author(s): J. Hegger, S. Voss
Pages: 1463 - 1472

136. Pultrusion of fabric reinforced high fly ash blended cement composites
Author(s): B. Mobasher, A. Peled, J. Pahilajani
Pages: 1473 - 1482

137. Stress transfer in the bond joint of subsequently applied textile reinforced concrete strengthening
Author(s): R Ortlepp, S. Ortlepp, M. Curbach
Pages: 1483 - 1494

138. Pultrusion versus casting processes for the production of fabric-cement composites
Author(s): A. Peled, A. Bentur, B. Mobasher
Pages: 1495 - 1504

139. Spacer fabrics for thin walled concrete elements
Author(s): A. Roye, T. Gries, A. Peled
Pages: 1505 - 1514